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Articles and Analysies ÇáÕÝÍÉ ÇáÚÑÈíÉ Last Updated: Oct 27, 2009 - 9:33:43 PM

Does Lawrence Summers fit in Obama’s White House Team? By Abdullahi Osman El-Tom, Ph.D.
Sudaneseonline.com

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Does Lawrence Summers fit in Obama’s White House Team?

By Abdullahi Osman El-Tom, Ph.D.

Obasma’s successful bid for the US presidency was greeted by international celebrations everywhere across the globe.   The international delight that accompanied Obama’s success was not confined to the western world and their compatriots in the poor countries.   On election night, the refugees and IDPs of the beleaguered Darfur clung to their transistor radios and remained awake until 4am when they finally celebrated his outstanding victory speech.   For years and years gone by, the USA imposed itself as an unwanted global leader.     This time, thanks to Obama, the world has chosen the USA to act as its leader.  

There is no doubt that Obama’s first commitment goes to his US constituency.   Nonetheless, in his victory speech, Obama signalled a recognition of his international constituency and emphasised that the destiny of the entire world is indeed intertwined.   President Elect Obama has certainly started off very well.   But the appointment of Lawrence Summers to head his National Economic Council does not tally well with his implied commitment to an international constituency and particularly its less fortunate members, primarily the refugees and IDPs (Internally Displaced Persons) residing in the poorest countries of the world.   Some years ago (1992), Summers, who was then Chief Economist of the notorious World Bank, advised or rather instructed, the movement of “dirty industries” to the Third World.   Below, in its entirety, is my own critique at the time under the title “Obscene Economics”.   The work was published in the Irish Reporter (1992) and as a part of a booklet issued by the Institute for African Alternatives (IFA;1994).   First of all though, I must concede that people learn from their mistakes and change.   I do hope that Mr Summers does just that.

 

“The collapse of communism led to a wave of optimism regarding the role of multilateral organisations including the WB (World Bank - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) and the IMF(International Monetary Fund).  Among others, development organisations are thought to have been freed from the negative influence of communist threat paranoia factor.

It is this factor which was presumed to have justified the neglect of the fundamentals of development in the WB/IMF dealings, and the subsequent entertainment of cosy relationship with several heads of states renowned for total lack of regard for their own people eg.  Marcus of the Philippines, Siad Barre of Somalia and Mobotu of Zaire.  The same factor has also led to the penalisation of many countries; eg. Egypt, Tanzania, Jamaica, Peru, Nicaragua and Vietnam.  The new hope that commitment to development, and in particularly to the poor of the Third World, would then prevail in the WB/IMF policies is no more than wishful thinking.  This is at least what one gets from a WB internal memo, which leaked out as late as December 1992 (The Economist, Let them eat pollution, February 8th Issue).   The document was authored by no-other than Lawrence Summers, the WB's Chief economist.  The memo contained certain lines which are said to have caused some fuss in the World Bank.  In his memo, "their", or rather "our" Chief economist, says to his juniors:

"Just between me and you, shouldn't the World Bank be encouraging more migration of dirty industries to the LCDs? I can think of three reasons:

(1)The measurement of the costs of health-impairing pollution depends on the forgone earnings from increased morbidity and mortality.  From this point of view a given amount of health impairing pollution should be done in the country with the lowest cost, which will be the country with the lowest wages.  I think the economic logic [perhaps the WB's] behind dumping a load of toxic waste in the lowest-wage country is impeccable and we should face to that.

(2)The costs of pollution are likely to be non-linear as the initial increments of pollution probably have very low cost.  I've always thought that under-populated countries in Africa are vastly under-polluted; their air quality is probably vastly inefficiently low "sic" compared to Los Angeles or Mexico City.  Only the lamentable facts that so much pollution is generated by non-tradable industries (transport, electrical generation) and that the unit transport costs of solid waste are so high prevent world-welfare-enhancing [better read western-welfare-enhancing] trade in air pollution and waste.

(3)The demand for a clean environment for aesthetic reasons is likely to have very high income-elasticity.  The concern over an agent that causes a one-in-a-million change in the odds of prostate cancer is obviously going to be much higher in a country where people survive to get prostate cancer than in a country where under-5 mortality is 200 per thousand.  Also much of the concern over industrial atmospheric discharge is about visibility-impairing particulate.  These discharges may have very little direct health impact.  Clearly trade in goods that embody aesthetic pollution concerns could be welfare-enhancing.  While production is mobile the consumption of pretty air is a non-tradable.

  The problem with the arguments against all of these proposals for more pollution in LDCs (intrinsic rights to certain goods, moral reasons, social concerns, lack of adequate markets, etc) could be turned around and used more or less effectively against every Bank proposal for liberalisation" (Economist 1992:66).

Overlooking the messy language aptly described by the World Bank as "crass" (Ibid), the memorandum affords us a stunning insight into the World Bank's commitment to the poor in the Third World.  A senior World Bank employee defended his Chief Economist by saying, "the document is no more than a memo and that the man was only thinking" (personal communication).  What is shocking and thus hard to take is that Mr Summers is not only thinking, he is also encouraging others in the Bank to think along a specific line.  Moreover, what is even more incriminating is that, the document sets in motion an attempt to provide a scientific justification for polluting the Third World.  In effect, Summers' call is no more than an effort to formalise a policy which many Third World observers think is already taking place.  The important question is how justified is the view under consideration?  Judged in economic terms, does it really make sense?

Summers' first point states that the costs of sickness and death due to pollution can be quantified by simple computation of foregone earnings.  The implication of this grand discovery is that human worth can be measured by how much one earns or loses.  Accordingly millions and millions of poor people in the Third World, babies and children who are non-earners and housewives who do not produce, in the World Bank's sense of the term, are condemned to utter worthlessness.  Their worth approaches zero if not equal to it.  The other side of the argument is that the First World, wealthy people and high earners - like our Chief economist - are on the top of the scale, and thus enjoy health and lives which it would make no sense to damage.  The conclusion is obvious: move health and life impairing industries - which Summers treats as a necessary evil - to where human beings are worth less.  In short, to the Third World.  This is economics at its most obscene.

The second point raised by Mr Summers dictates that the cost of pollution increases incrementally with the increase in the level of pollution in a given locality.  It is to be understood that Mr Summers found it redundant, and thus did not add, that the cost of each increment in equally polluted localities also increases in tandem with the increase in the wealth of respective populations.  This is due to the fact that Summers has already established that the health and lives of poor populations are less costly than that of their comparatively wealthier counterparts.  The argument eventually leads to the same conclusion arrived at in the previous paragraph.   In order to justify this point, Mr Summers resorted to the absurd use of language, such as referring to LDCs as "UNDER-POLLUTED".  It is as though what is natural and/or normal - and hence desirable - for the air is to be polluted.  The abnormality obtains when the air is underpolluted or overpolluted!    Summers’ obsession with earnings, tradability and the marginalisation of human worth led him into a yet meaningless sentence which I am still struggling to make sense of.  He describes the air quality under a lower level of pollution as vastly inefficiently low compared to the heavily polluted air of Los Angeles and Mexico City!!   One would have thought that the reverse is true, since with cleaner air, people get a better deal in relation to their morbidity and mortality.  But hang on again; the air efficiency for Mr Summers depends on how much earnings one, or rather a few, get out of it or forego.  Of course, the costs of the casualties have to be considered, and in the Third World, people are bound to be hopelessly cheap, according to the World Bank think tank.

After dubiously underrating "non-tradable" industries (transport?) which still remain high on the World Bank agenda, Mr Summer lamented the high unit transport cost of solid waste which prevents the disposal of toxic waste in the Third Word.   Another absurd piece of jargon used in Summers' second point is his reference to "trade" in toxic waste as "world welfare-enhancing trade".  Ignoring the fact that it is not trade in the first place, the jargon glamorises the transference of toxic waste to the Third World, and thus disguises its essence.  The jargon is also inspiring, as it is revealing to where Summers' heart lies.  The world for Mr Summers seems to be the west, because this kind of "trade" can't be regarded in anyway as "welfare-enhancing" for those at the receiving end, including the victims.  Mr Summers' source of inspiration for using this term cannot be that far away.  After all, his Institution is referred to as "the World Bank",  despite the fact the neither its control, nor its performance, justifies the name.

In his third point, Summers proposes that the richer the people are, the more concerned they will be about aesthetics and the health impacts of dirty industries.  He make a further move into a pathetic attempt to downplay the damage of pollution, declaring that most of it is visibility, rather than health impairing.  First, the seemingly less resistance to health impairing industries among poorer communities, can be attributed to power rather than to demand differentials.  Yet, crusades of the poor against pollution, often violent, have become a common feature of Third World struggle.  Those who are in doubt are referred to the recent history of Brazil, the Philippines and many other countries.  While visibility impairing particulates may accompany health damaging pollution, it is the latter which attracts more concern both among the rich and the poor.  After all, mist, fog and rain all come with visibility impairing agents that attract no complaints.  On the other hand, many toxic agents like radiation have little impact on visibility and yet, resistance to it is always forthcoming.

Summers suggests that the people of the Third World are less concerned about pollution because they do not survive to contract prostate cancer, presumably due to low life expectancy.  This is a conclusion based on a fraudulent reading of demographic statistics, as high infant mortality does not mean people do not survive to old age.  While high infant mortality suppresses life expectancy, those who survive their early years have a chance to survive to an age which is only marginally shorter than people in the First World.  Rather than thinking about high mortality and taking it as his duty to curb, Summers takes it as natural and thus proceeds from it.  This is not surprising because if he had done otherwise, he would have come to an embarrassing conclusion; namely, that high mortality is a result of a specific development structure in which the World Bank is a major player.

Summers further reminds the people of the Third World that they cannot trade their clean air but can count on the mobility of pollution producing industries.  In other words, they can trade their health and lives instead!   Trade for the sake of trade seems to be the theme of the article.  This is the same ethos that generates and justifies trade in kidneys, blood, brain tissues and other body parts, often from impoverished live victims in the Third World.

Summers' words are indeed a sharp reminder that the World Bank is and will remain a bank committed only to its western shareholders.   All else are incidental and the less the Bank does, the better for the people of the Third World.”

 

Abdullahi Osman El-Tom is Head of Bureau for Training and Strategic Planning of JEM. He can be reached at: [email protected]

 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              


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  • Sudanese Responses To: "Obama And My Son": Mohammad Ali Salih, Washington, DC, USA
  • American Responses: "Obama And My Son": Mohammad Ali Salih, Washington, DC, USA
  • Community Land: A Critical Socio-Economic Factor To Temper With In Southern Sudan By James Okuk
  • Breaking a Taboo: Mr Nur and his SLM Office in Israel By Abdullahi Osman El-Tom
  • China refutes accusation on arms sales to Sudan
  • SPLM 2nd Convention: A Hard Test in Democratic Transformation *By James Okuk
  • The 60 Currents by Hamza M Babbikr
  • The unauthorized profile of the Eastern-Sudan Front’s Chairman 2-3 By Mohamed Ibrahim
  • The Justice & Equality Movement (JEM)/ Religion and the State By: Dr. El-tahir Adam El-faki
  • "USA TDOAY": Obama And My Son: Mohammad Ali Salih: Washington, DC, USA
  • CPA Adjustment and Quest for Southern Sudan Development *By James Okuk
  • Dear Cde Pagan Amoum Okiech by Aleu Ayieny Aleu
  • April 2008 General Population Census: Will I be Counted a Southerner? *By James Okuk
  • NUBA ASSOCIATION IN FRANCE:Condolence on death of Bishop Philip Abbass by Dr Ahmed Osman Tyia Kaffi
  • The Trembling Tip of the Nose!/Faisal Ali Suliman Addabi/lawyer/Doha/Qatar
  • An open letter to Hassan Abdullah Turabi By: Brian Adeba,
  • The big lie by Ismail Abdallah M.
  • JEM’s Vision for a New Sudan by Dr El-tahir Adam El-faki
  • Reframing the Darfur Crisis by Anne Bartlett
  • Confederation for Southern Sudan a Betrayal to Self-determination By James Okuk
  • President Kiir should admit his failure and resign gracefully by Jor Deng
  • Kiir must be indicted for war crimes BY Atem Mabior
  • Kiir shows his real colours By Atem Mabior
  • Will UN Envoy Eliason Do His Homework on Darfur? By Dr. El-tahir Adam El-faki
  • SALVA KIIR BETRAYS THE SOUTHERN CAUSE by Atem Mabior
  • Critical Analysis on the paper presented by Presidential Advisor, Mr Bona Malwal under the title ‘The Future of the CPA under the Current Political Crises`.
  • Sudan needs reality check By Hassan Ibrahim
  • The Hypocrisy of NCP Supporters on Darfur By Dr. Mahmoud A. Suleiman
  • The Polemics of Politics of Transitions in Sudan By John G Nyuot Yoh*
  • SPLM: A Party that Deserves Building not Ruining By James Okuk
  • The Paradox of Political Transformation by SPLM Standards. By; Baraj Ayuen
  • Fanatic Islamic Iran & Exploitive Transnational Capitalism are the Most harmful Sources of insecurity in the World
  • A PRAYER IN EACH CORNER by MOHAMMAD ALI SALIH
  • Movement erosion Bneha .... Conflict adults ousts Emin Tela t by Shol Goba
  • Northern Sudanese and Bashir’s Call for Jihad Time for Southerners to Think Aloud Lily A. Akol
  • Sudanese & American Friends March for Peace and Reconciliation By Jimmy Mulla
  • The Dilemma of The SPLM: Is it justified? By: Ngino Nikako
  • The 4th General Congress of the Justice & Equality Movement (JEM) By Dr. Mahmoud A. Suleiman
  • If Sudan Want Peace it has to Prepare for War? * By James Okuk
  • Yet Another Africans Challenge: Liability No. 21 the IQ By Dr. Mohamed N. Bushara*
  • When will Darfur mediators learn (2) By Suliman A Giddo*
  • Bravo to Mr. Salva Kiir for Rejecting the US Proposal By James Okuk Solomon
  • Female Circumcision Negligence and Abuse By Dr. Amal Ahmed Elbasheir.
  • U.S Should Upgrade the SPLA if it is willing to Help Southern Sudan *By James Okuk Solomon
  • Where Sudan Is Booming By Alexis Okeowo
  • When Will Darfur Mediators Learn? By Suliman A. Giddo*
  • Mob Emotions Is Anti-Democratic Transformation By James Okuk Solomon
  • Check with Improper Balance: SPLM Risky Politics of Partnership By James Okuk Solomon
  • Another way to break Abie deadlock by Dr. S.M.Eldebailo
  • The SPLM & Protecting the CPA: Guarding Against the Cynical Obstructionism of NCP Parek Maduot
  • Do Ministers belong to the Party or to the Government? *By James Okuk
  • Habib Bank v Central Bank of Sudan Ismat Abdel Gadir - LL.B
  • DRIVING FAST TO EXPLODE IN THE ABYSS! By Comarde Edward Lino
  • Shilluk Communities vs Shilluk International Congress (SIC) By: Kimo Ajing Aba
  • FASTING RAMADAN IN A MONASTERY: Mohammad Ali Salih
  • It is Darfur Again and the Misery Goes On By E. Ablorh-Odjidja
  • SLM request to delay Libya talks by Tag Elkhazin,
  • THE HONOURABLE WISE PEOPLE OF THE WORLD/Ali Mahmoud Hassanein
  • Will the united Sudan remain attractive for all under the NCP regime?! By Dr. Mahmoud A. Suleiman
  • The Value of Peace in Sudan: From Ki-Moon to International Wisemen By James Okuk Solomon
  • South Sudan Egyptians relations / John Lawrence Morbe Joseph
  • Will the Failed Abuja Diplomacy Be Repeated in Libya? By Dr. Mahmoud A. Suleiman
  • Why a reality check is needed on Darfur by Anne Bartlett
  • United, Cairo's poor and poorer get heard
  • A Message from Ajik (Ajang) Union in North American To: Commander and Comrade Daniel Kodi by Fadul H.Haimad
  • What Happened To Gen. Kiir First Vice Presidency Position? / by Isaiah Abraham
  • Eritrea in the Sudan's president's office, By: Mohamed Osman Ibrahim
  • UN Ban Ki-Moon and his Drought Thesis of Darfur Conflict By: Abdullahi Osman El-Tom, Ph.D.
  • UN Secretary General: Mission Impossible By Dr. Mahmoud A. Suleiman
  • Old Habits Die Hard: The National Congress Party is Back to Its Outmoded Tactics—By: Dr. Mahmoud A. Suleiman
  • Greatest Marginalization of All Time/Isam Siddig
  • Darfur: A Little Less Talk, A Little More Action by Anne Bartlett
  • Muslims eye America by MOHAMMAD ALI SALIH
  • General Elections in Sudan by the Year 2009: A Fact or a Fiction?/By Dr. Mahmoud A. Suleiman
  • Alsalkeen Charitable Organization General Secretary. /By Al Sammani Awadallah
  • Cons and Cues About The Sudanese Forthcoming General Election/Isaiah Abraham
  • Animal’s rights are also rights/Isaiah Abraham
  • SPLM Official Counters the Recent Remarks of the NCP Official over Abyie and Darfour Translated by MAJOK NIKODEMO AROU
  • The Arab Congregation and the Ideology of Genocide in Darfur, Sudan By: Abdullahi Osman El-Tom, Ph.D.
  • Catholics Led to Hell/Written by Daniel Deng Monyde,
  • Keep away from Darfour, Mustafa Osman Ismail, warns the SPLM Translated by Majok Nikodemo Arou
  • Abyei Protocol. by Mayen. D. Ater
  • Darfur Actors and the absence of Road Maps By Dr. Mahmoud A. Suleiman
  • Judiciary Reshuffle Ineptly Calculated by Daniel Deng Monyde
  • Stop the Genocide and give the security then peace will come/Hamed Mohamedain Omer
  • THE AMERICANS AND ME (2): ISLAM Mohammad Ali Salih, Washington, “Asharq Alawsat
  • Unwanted in Israel By Sherine Tadros at the Egyptian-Israeli border
  • ISSUES that Rose From the Sudanese Ambassador Press Conference By Jwothab Amum Ajak
  • Al Bashir Slams on Campaigners against Sudan, Reviews Political Developments By: Al Sammani Awadallah
  • Was Dr. John Garang Assassinated?/Daniel Deng Monyde,
  • What had happened in Darfur?/Mahmoud E. Yousif
  • Abie conflict The Inferno of Nivasha or the Paradise of Peace by Dr. S.M.Eldebailo
  • TEXT- Conclusions of AU-UN, Sudan on the Hybrid Operations
  • Alfashir is nearer than Kampala: JEM/NRF Commends New SPLM Stance on Darfur/By: Abdullahi Osman El-Tom
  • COMSARY by SALMAN OMER MAHMOUD
  • Sudan: The Politics of Naming - Genocide, Civil War, Insurgency/Prof. Mahmood Mamdani
  • US to Sanction Dr. Khalil Ibrahim! A Statement/Gammali Hasan Galal Eldin
  • Can Darfur Survive the CPA?/Abdullahi El-Tom and Mahmoud Abbaker Suleiman
  • GOD OR AMERICA: WHO IS FIRST? 8 DIFFERENT OPINIONS/Mohammad Ali Salih, Washington, “Asharq Alawsat”
  • It would be Unwise to think that a United Sudan Properly Functions within the Main Frameworks of the Phenomenon of Eastern African Development./Urban T. Kir
  • Darfur Crisis: Mediation Failure (2)/Ahmed M. Mohamedain
  • Government of Sudan and Darfur crisis/Musa Yakub Daoud
  • President Bush "Hurts" for Darfur Darfur Is Safer than US Urban Cities/Ali Baghdadi
  • Our Vision on the prospect of peace to end the Darfur tragedy/By Dr. M.A.Suleiman
  • Lies, Damned Lies and the Darfur Crisis by Anne Bartlett is a Director of the Darfur Centre for Human Rights and Development
  • International Media Ignore Sudanese Voices /AfricaFocus (Washington, DC)
  • Sudanese cyber rally forces website to remove controversial ad by Wasil Ali
  • why war in abyaii by bakhit mohd humaidan
  • Al Salikeen Earmarks 1.2 Billion Pounds for Service Schemes by Al Sammani Awadallah
  • A CALL TO ALL THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH SUDAN/By James Ogilo Agor Agokwech-Rochester, MN USA
  • Will the Quartet Summit Contradict with the UN, AU Role in Darfur By: Al Sammani Awadallah
  • Sudan Vision Carries Out a Survey on Pros and Cons of Humanitarian Aid in Sudan By: Al-Sammani Awadallah
  • Al Khatim Adlan’s legacy of wisdom and vision/ahmed elzobier
  • WHEN THEY BEG FOR UNITY by Mack Awer Riak
  • The Genocide Glitterati by Anne Bartlett
  • Darfur-Darfur Dialogue Will Not be Held Hostage by Hostile Armed Factions", Says Dr. Omar Adam
  • A brighter future for the Nuba Mountains/by Nuba Mountains Democratic Forum/Nour Tawir
  • A brighter future for the Nuba Mountains by Nuba_Mountains Democratic Forum by Samie A Djudo
  • RIFT KAKUMA HITS BY VALLEY FEVER. By;Mabior Mayom Mayom
  • How Dr. Garang wanted Abyei to be? (1) /By Akol Miyen Kuol
  • A brighter future for the Nuba Mountains by Nuba Mountains Democratic Forum
  • The Doomsday Cult/Ahmed Sam, human rights activist.
  • China must emulate AU wisdom in Sudan by Simon Roughneen for ISN
  • An article introducing our country Sudan by Maha esmeal ahmed esmeal
  • It is a time for all Peace forces to take action By : Matur Aciek
  • Kiir stood to his pledge of no reverse gear/ BY MAJOK NIKODEMO AROU
  • IT IS TIME FOR THE SPLA TO ESTABLISH ITS OWN AIR FORCE/Maker Costa
  • Unwitting Party to Genocide By Stephen Rademaker
  • SPLA, STANDS STRONG AND PROUD!/By Hakim Makuer Gol
  • January 9th- a Day of Peace and Full Independence/By Dr. Mawien Akot
  • Muslim cadet clear on identity/YVETTE CABRERA
  • 2008 General Elections: What Are The Scenarios Awaiting Us?/Maker Costa-Syracuse New York
  • ’s NCP is planning to rig elections at census level/By Sabrino Majok Majok*
  • Criticism to the Global War Against International Terrorism, (G-WAIT) by Tarig M. M. K. Anter
  • The Swindles of Modern Liberal Democracy by Tarig M. M. K. Anter
  • Peaceful Conflict Resolution & the War on Terror The cases of Sudan and Iraq by Tarig M. M. K. Anter
  • The Jinjaweed Leader By : kuku kadia
  • UA-GSC Sudan Resolution Passes/By Marie Y. Thibault
  • All About Darfur: Is Sudan in a culture of war? By Virginie Wembey
  • AU Recommends Six Month Extension for its Mission By: Al Sammani Awadallah / IOL
  • No South/North border and ABC: CPA is dead.By Sabrino Majok Majok*
  • Darfur destruction is Sudan’s al-Bashir’s Shame/By Sabrino Majok Majok*
  • Relationship Between Economic Mismanagement & Social Instability by Eng. Tarig M.M.K. Anter
  • Fake Modern Religions Are Fighting Faith by Tarig M. M. K. Anter
  • The Ideological Structure of The Conservative Professional Nationalist Party & System by Eng. Tarig M.M.K. Anter,
  • 'Lost Boys of Sudan' By: Kristin Boyd , Staff Writer
  • Sudan's al-Bashir and Palace are imperfect Match By Sabrino Majok Majok
  • Frank Wolf: Divest from Sudan By U.S. Rep. Frank Wolf (R-10)
  • Sudanese Native Relates Horrors of His Childhood/By Konstantin Shishkin
  • General Congress of JEM Asserts Creation of a political Party/Professor Mahmoud Abakar Sulaiman
  • Darfur-Darfur Dialogue and the Litany of AU Deceit in Darfur/Dr. Abdullahi Osman El-Tom
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  • Reign of Corruption and political stagnation By Andrew Bak
  • Current American Planning Strategies vs. Planning Strategies of the 50s’/By: Adil Bala (PhD)*
  • Free Will, JEM Peace Wing Sign Political and Military Protocol By Al-Sammani Awadallah
  • Only Favourable Humanitarian and Security Conditions are Needed in Darfur By: Al Sammani Awadalla
  • A call to Abolish Sha’ria Law in South Sudan: GOSS must take a Lead
  • Race and colour consciousness art or is it ... Religions? Hatim Elmadani
  • Who are Landless People in Sudan? Mack Awer -Cairo
  • Darfur: Diplomacy and its Discontents by Anne Bartlett
  • Why Egypt won't press Sudan: the Nile By Dan Murphy | Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor
  • Pathological Delusions by Ahmed Elzobier
  • NIF is determined to kill CPA By Sabrino Majok Majok
  • Darfur - Solution Must Come From Africans By Mohammed Eisa Ismail
  • The responsibility to protect Darfur By William G. O'Neill
  • Sudanese go tech savvy By Cheryl Lecesse
  • Sorrow in Sudan By Vivian Ho