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 Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . (Re: A.Razek Althalib)
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Causes and Evolution of the conflicts in Dar Fur
(2)
The causes of the armed and other conflicts in Dar Fur are numerous and varied. These include ecological challenges, shortage of fertile land, drought, denial of diversity, and racist attitudes by Arabs. The government’s unbalanced allocation of social and economic development amenities and inadequate political representation of all areas the South and the West and East including Dar Fur. Hence different analysts have proposed different possible causes for the conflict
Suleiman bases his analysis of Dar Fur conflict on ecological causes. He argues that armed conflicts between the ethnic groups in Dar Fur have evolved in two phases. The first stage was simple, and included limited disputes over land, water and resources and other social disputes that arise occasionally between the people. These were the nature of the conflicts in Dar Fur between 1950s-70s. Examples were the conflicts between the Zaghawa and Rezigat in 1969 on land, water and animal theft (Suleiman, 2000: 354).
The second stage, which started in the mid 1980s was characterized by aggressive conflicts that were wide-spread and continued for long periods. This stage was the serious start of the conflicts in Dar Fur. These conflicts were more complicated and the traditional means could not help in ending them (Suleiman, 2000: 354-6). Previously, the traditional, indigenous conciliatory tools such as Rakoba and the ajaweed or mutamarat al sulh played significant roles in restoring peace and stability. There were fourteen such conferences by both Arab and African groups that helped to settle ethno-economic disputes before the escalation of the current crisis (el Tigani, January: 2005).
The 1980’s were a time of severe drought in the whole region during which the conflicts escalated into a semi civil war (Suleiman, 2000: 356). Thousands were killed in this war in which advanced weapons were used. Many villages were demolished, burned and properties looted. An example is the conflict between the Zaghawa, the Fur, and the settled farmers of Kab-kabya (Suleiman, 2000: 356). The causes included trespassing land and theft of animals. There was also the conflict between the non-Arab Fur from Marra’ mountains and the alliance of twenty-seven Arab tribes (Suleiman, 2000: 356). This was caused by the occupation of Fur land, racial bias and political subordination. The influx of people and animals in search of grass and water, from the drought’ affected areas to the rich settled agricultural areas was a major cause of this continuous conflict. (Suleiman, 2000: 356).
O’Fahey also supports the ecological argument and notes that the prolonged droughts accelerated the desertification of northern and central Dar fur and led to pressure on water and grazing resources as the camel nomads were forced to move southwards. Conflicts over wells, that in earlier times had been settled with spears or mediation became much more intractable in a time awash with guns . Madut refers to the conflict between Rezeigat and Dinka, which arose due to loss of livestock by the Rezeigat in the famine of 1983-85. Cattle raiding to the South, in the Dinka area became a means of replenishing depleted herds (Madut, 2001: 147).
Suleiman argues that the ecological deterioration is widely misunderstood and has led the government to approach the issues and conflicts in those regions as security problems stemming from “
ng” that will be solved by the deployment of troops to the areas. As a result the government has sometimes being accused of bias in favour of one party against the other in the conflict. (Suleiman, 2004: 39).
De Waal discusses the several correlated causes of the Darfurian conflict, and the effects of the deteriorating ecological situation in Dar Fur that caused famine in1984-85, and the way the Numeiri government politicised it, denying the existence of famine in terms of causes meant Sudan had no problems and was a stable country. The economic crisis that twined with political marginalisation and lack of provision of financial, health and educational services have turned to a succession of local conflicts that erupted in Dar Fur in the wake of the drought and famine of 1984-85 (De Waal, 1997:91, 103).
In the encounters, the pastoral groups were pitted against the farmers in what had become a bitter struggle for diminishing resources. The government did not intervene effectively. Therefore, the herders and villagers bought automatic weapons and armed themselves. There was an attempt at a reconciliation conference in 1989, but its recommendations were never implemented (De Waal, 2005:103).
In 1989 there was a drought in the Western regions and a poor national harvest. Regional governments appealed for food relief, but Khartoum reduced the figures and the donors were complacent. Dar Fur was only given twenty percent of its needs (De Waal, 1997: 100). What happened in Dar Fur was not new, the depredations of the army and the militias combined with drought in the summer of 1990 to create severe famine in the Nuba Mountains . Many believed that the creation of famine was a deliberate government military policy. The widespread burning of villages and food crops and stealing of livestock could have no other effect (African Rights, 1995: 93). There can be no doubt that, having emerged so recently from the drought-famine of 1984-85 in Kordofan and Dar Fur, and the war-famine of 1987-8 in Bahr el Ghazal, that the politicians and generals were fully aware of what they were doing when they launched the scorched earth strategy in the Nuba Mountains in 1989.
The famine, no less than the killings was a crime (African Rights, 1995: 93). Food security remains one of the solutions to the conflict in Dar Fur. Green & Ward argue that there is a strong correlation between the authoritarian nature of a state and the degree of vulnerability of those who become victims of natural disasters (Green & Ward, 2004: 64). Khartoum ignored Dar Fur (De Waal, 1997: 103): its people have received less services (De Waal, 2005). De Waal also blames Dar Fur leaders, because in Dar Fur, Arabs and Africans alike have been marginalised. Unfortunately, the leaders of these groups have not made common cause in the face of Khartoum's indifference. He mentions other causes. In 2002, the government of 1989 was divided into two factions . El Turabi had previously built his constituencies among the Dar Fur people by bringing more than three million devoted fallata and West Africans under his party into the political system as citizens and an electoral constituency. (De Waal: 2005).
However, this did not help Darfurians very much and after the coup only a handful of them were elevated to high positions in the party and the administration. The general neglect of the region continued (De Waal: 2005).
Another source of conflict was the attitude of superiority of the Arabs toward to the practice of Islam by Africans. In Sudan, Muslims still insist on their old Sudanese customs and traditions and they conform it with Islam, while Arabs may have different rituals that they believe they are the better. De Waal argues that Sudan's 'westerners' found that their version of Islam was not, after all, accepted on its own terms: they were regarded as true Muslims only if they adopted Arab values and culture (De Waal: 2005). They problem with Arab Muslims remains in their highly appreciation to the Arab identity and disqualifying others who are not Arabs. It is also related to the issue of slavery and the involvement of Arab tribes in it. Howeverm, many Muslims would consider those who are not Arabs as second degree Muslims. And this seems part of the problem in Dar Fur, relating Islam to racial origin. O' Fahey, also notes that the coming to power of the [NIF] injected a racist ideological dimension to the conflict, with the sides clearly defining themselves as ‘Arab’ or ‘Zurq’ . O’ Fahey adds:
“Impression is that many of the racist attitudes traditionally directed toward slaves have been redirected to the sedentary African communities.”
For example, in Dar Fur when a Janjaweed raped an African woman, Mahasin, she described the racial words her rapist used:
“You ‘Nuba women’ are created to be slave, You should know that the three lines engraved in your face have meanings : the first “I” is for being the slave of Omer el Bashir, the second “I” to bake Kessra for Omer el Bashir and the third “I” is to do whatever el Bashir orders you to do” .
Eltigani criticizes those who reduced the crisis in Dar Fur to a matter of tribal feuds or scarcity of natural resources and argues that the crisis in Dar Fur is political and state-made (Eltigani, 2005). It results from misadministration, the economic greed of the governing elite and abuse of authority against the powerless Africans of Dar Fur . Above all, the crisis demonstrates a deep disrespect for human dignity by the fundamentalist religious ideology of Arab supremacy . The war in Dar fur at the end of the 1980s was more than a conflict over land: it was the first step in constructing a new Arab ideology in Sudan
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| العنوان |
الكاتب |
Date |
| الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Faisal Al Zubeir | 01-18-07, 00:20 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Elmuez | 01-18-07, 00:58 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | eyes of liberty | 01-18-07, 01:28 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | elhilayla | 01-18-07, 04:01 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 01-19-07, 06:40 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 01-19-07, 07:28 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 01-19-07, 09:56 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 01-19-07, 10:44 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | أحمد الشايقي | 01-20-07, 02:53 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Faisal Al Zubeir | 01-20-07, 04:28 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 01-22-07, 08:33 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 03-12-07, 10:51 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | عبده عبدا لحميد جاد الله | 01-20-07, 05:00 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 01-22-07, 10:43 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | elhilayla | 01-20-07, 06:16 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 01-20-07, 08:44 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | تراث | 01-20-07, 10:02 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Faisal Al Zubeir | 01-20-07, 10:54 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | أنور أدم | 01-23-07, 09:45 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | عبده عبدا لحميد جاد الله | 01-23-07, 04:33 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 01-26-07, 11:22 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | elhilayla | 01-23-07, 03:26 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | أنور أدم | 01-23-07, 05:03 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | عبده عبدا لحميد جاد الله | 01-23-07, 06:12 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 01-23-07, 05:28 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | أحمد الشايقي | 01-24-07, 00:43 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | أنور أدم | 01-24-07, 01:35 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | عبده عبدا لحميد جاد الله | 01-24-07, 11:40 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 01-24-07, 04:40 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 01-25-07, 10:39 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Khalid S Yosif | 01-26-07, 02:15 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Biraima M Adam | 01-26-07, 05:05 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | elhilayla | 01-26-07, 07:20 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | أنور أدم | 01-26-07, 12:58 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Khalid S Yosif | 01-26-07, 03:03 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | عبده عبدا لحميد جاد الله | 01-27-07, 11:23 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | محمدين محمد اسحق | 01-27-07, 12:35 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Faisal Al Zubeir | 01-27-07, 04:45 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 01-27-07, 11:26 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | أنور أدم | 01-28-07, 01:48 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | bakri abdalla | 01-29-07, 04:21 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 01-29-07, 01:18 PM |
 Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | A.Razek Althalib | 01-29-07, 02:08 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 01-29-07, 02:29 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 01-29-07, 03:12 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 01-29-07, 04:22 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | elhilayla | 01-31-07, 06:14 AM |
 Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | A.Razek Althalib | 01-31-07, 12:02 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | محمد فرح | 01-31-07, 12:56 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 01-31-07, 02:44 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-01-07, 02:49 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-02-07, 05:08 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | elhilayla | 02-02-07, 06:57 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | عبده عبدا لحميد جاد الله | 02-02-07, 01:11 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-02-07, 02:41 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | BAKASH | 02-02-07, 07:10 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-03-07, 09:22 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-04-07, 00:44 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | elhilayla | 02-04-07, 02:20 AM |
 Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | A.Razek Althalib | 02-04-07, 08:52 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-04-07, 12:33 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-05-07, 12:15 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-05-07, 12:34 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-05-07, 01:03 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-05-07, 01:49 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-05-07, 10:55 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-06-07, 00:36 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | د.خالد اصيل احمد محمد | 02-06-07, 06:46 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Faisal Al Zubeir | 02-06-07, 08:00 AM |
 Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | A.Razek Althalib | 02-06-07, 10:41 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-06-07, 02:51 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-06-07, 10:13 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Faisal Al Zubeir | 02-06-07, 10:57 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | د.خالد اصيل احمد محمد | 02-06-07, 03:46 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | عبده عبدا لحميد جاد الله | 02-07-07, 04:53 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | elhilayla | 02-07-07, 05:30 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-07-07, 06:27 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-08-07, 02:08 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Faisal Al Zubeir | 02-08-07, 08:49 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-08-07, 08:50 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-09-07, 10:45 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-14-07, 09:30 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-14-07, 05:11 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-14-07, 11:21 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-22-07, 09:20 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-22-07, 12:18 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-22-07, 04:42 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-23-07, 00:07 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-25-07, 11:20 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-27-07, 10:02 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-28-07, 06:14 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 03-03-07, 09:20 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 03-04-07, 11:30 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | elhilayla | 04-01-07, 01:18 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | elhilayla | 03-29-07, 12:36 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 03-29-07, 03:12 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | elhilayla | 03-30-07, 02:47 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | elhilayla | 04-01-07, 08:45 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | معتصم عبدالرحيم | 02-08-07, 11:24 PM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | معتصم عبدالرحيم | 02-09-07, 08:51 AM |
| Re: الجنجويد ..دراسة لمنى خوجلي نشرتها الشرق القطرية . | Muna Khugali | 02-10-07, 09:27 PM |
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Mohamed Omer
فيس بوك
تويتر
انستقرام
يوتيوب
بنتيريست