SudaneseOnline: سودانيزاونلاين

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Fsdarfur@gmail.com

For centuries, Darfur was an independent sultanate with political and economic relationships that focused largely on Egypt and Turkey. The region was annexed to Sudan in 1916. Since then Darfur has remained undeveloped. The central government continues to perceive the indigenous people in Darfur as inherited from other countries, therefore should be replace with other ethnic group based on demographically change theory. As a result of this impact the indigenous people profoundly affected and became politically, economically, and socially marginalized. The conflict in the region turned to massacre and defined as genocide. While the international has been community trying to minimize the catastrophe in Darfur, still challenges and resistance of Sudan government remain active, and jeopardize humanitarian Aid.

  Historically Sudan known as largest country in Africa until July 9/2011, in which Southern part of Sudan became officially independent state and legitimized by the international community, therefore, Sudan no longer consider as largest country in Africa at this point. The main factors that contributed to separate South Sudan, still exist and has been systematically use to eliminate other ethnic groups.

 The Political situation in Sudan remains instable since independent in 1956. Many efforts made to find out what is happening in Sudan? for  instance,  sociologist and political science experts indicated earlier that, the catastrophes of Sudan is centralized in identity of the country itself and they believe a small groups of people are in a position to shape political direction in the way that fit their interest “identity” could lead to long social, economic, and political conflicts. Obviously, the elites play significant role by dominate and suppress others and created political instability in all parts of Sudan.

 Darfur region has been facing tremendous challenges include marginalization, land disputes, drought, water scarcity, natural migration, and ethnic rivalries, drastically whipped from all kinds of development. In contrast, Darfur people submitted list of legal demands to the central government. However, government neglected and faced with offensive plan and deliberately tend to remove all indigenous people to reform a new society that have ethnic loyalty to the central government, moreover Darfur people are no longer consider as part of Sudan, this is exactly what happened with south Sudan people and  history  repeat itself. Many political writers analysis the context of genocide within political strategies, for example, Emesto Verdeja states, “ Often, these states are ruled by leaders who are partially complicit in atrocities (as in Serbia and Croatia) or by successor elites whose legitimacy rests on a historical narrative of violence that could be underminedif challenged in court (such as in Rwanda)” (524).. Even though the writer argues the domination of particular group, still other concepts  consider the  external factors play role such as, international competition between china and west over Sudan resources, dynamic change in neighbor countries, and the national conflicts which is indirectly affected Darfur  region, the consequences of the elite polices has actively remain affecting people`s life. Many Darfur people lives in camps and continue to be targets of attacks and forced relocation. People who venture outside the camps risk rape and murder. Many children, particularly those under 5 years of age, are at risk of malnutrition.

 Although Darfur politically has been affected, still economical factor consider as main causes. Darfur region is one of the richest regions in Sudan and geographically located in a place that gives opportunities to facilitated trade between the countries, it has bordered by Libya to the north, Chad to the West, and Central African Republic to the Southwest. Darfur’s land area is 114,000 square miles with varied climates ranging from desert and semi arid in the north to rich savanna lands in the south.

 This geographical location with the availability of resources can lead the region to better economic situation. In the other hand the central government seeks to expand the national resources for the interest of elite in Khartoum. normally indigenous people rely on agriculture and animals to survive, the   underground resources encourage Sudan government to consider land of Darfur as priority agenda, government knew that south Sudan will be separated, therefore, Darfur will remain backbone to the government otherwise government will sage under heavy debt. The new   instable situation in Darfur  will give Sudan government opportunity to control the lands and remove indigenous people, so the  scenario of relocating people is to dig more oil and transfer to the central government, however, government face challenge due to counterattack of the rebel groups and resistance of indigenous people, but at some point government successfully achieved benefits by  uses  force to drive back the resistance, and eventually lead   atrocities and threaten people`s life,  in which  the situation has been deteriorated. Aid organizations cite worsening security, a threat of famine, and mounting civilian casualties. As mayroz indictes “Thepretext for the killings had been a counterinsurgency campaign against Darfur rebel groups, which the African population was allegedly actively supporting.The insurgency began in an attempt to force the Sudanese regime to address grievancesand unmet demands after decades of political and economic marginalizationof the region by successive governments” (360). Mayroz clearly states the policies behind the genocide, particular the economical perspective.

 The social perspective left another impact and contributes to the genocide; demographically Darfur is home to 6.5 million people from many different ethnic groups including Fur, Masseleit, Zaghawa, Berti, Rizeigat, Ta’isha, Bani Halba, Habbaniyar, and others.
Pastoralists constitute about thirty percent of the population. Herders, primarily Arab Muslims, have come into increasing conflict with farmers, primarily black Muslims. Historically these ethnic groups have been living in hormonal way and peaceful coexist, the traditions and norms itself encouraging  for peace and tolerance, but  the  central government manipulating the polices  and create sort of  social instability to rule the region, Darfur face many domestic conflicts in which government support particular group against other. So this social dynamic and social instability has been great advantage for the central government to practice the idea of racial segregations, in addition, government continues to perceive Darfur society differently. The alienation created sort of behaviors of superordinate and subordinator “internal colonialism” Darfur people lost truth on the government and also the assimilation to the existing system could erupted a new situation and civil disobedience, eventually,  lead to confrontation then to genocide. Mayroz indicates, “Involving the mass killing and displacement of the ethnically African Muslim civilian population, strong evidence suggests that the atrocities committed were instigated and coordinated by the Sudanese government in Khartoum” (360). No doubt Khartoum government created the crisis, but the most controversial question is how Darfur people will face the consequences of the genocide?  However, the peace process still unclear, government tend to complicate the issue and follow the massacre and the international community remain silent without immediate act to stop the atrocities. The problem of Sudan in Darfur require new function of politic, economic and social system to better in which all citizens can be protected and prevent predictable genocide.