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 Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 (Re: Muna Khugali)
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(3)
THE MILITARY RELATIONSHIP
China maintains a defense relationship with Sudan, despite the UN arms embargo that has been in place for Darfur since 2005. The Security Council imposed an embargo on all nongovernmental forces operating in Darfur in July 2004, and expanded it to include government forces as well in 2005. Sales to Khartoum are still permitted, although a UN panel, which visited Sudan in August 2005 to investigate violations of the embargo, recommended in April 2006 that the Security Council expand the embargo to the entire country
Information about recent Chinese arms sales to Sudan is difficult to discern both because of China’s secrecy and because of the inherent difficulty of tracking the flow of small arms, which are below most international reporting thresholds. The UN Panel of Experts reported spotting Chinese-made military trucks in the Port of Sudan that appeared similar to those used on Sudanese Army bases in Darfur. Non-governmental organizations have reported that small arms used by rebels, janjaweed, and government forces in Darfur are of Chinese origin. There are also reports that Khartoum supplied Chinese-made automatic grenade launchers to the United Front for Democratic Change, a Chadian rebel group that also operates out of bases in Darfur. Russia and France are also suppliers of arms and military equipment to Sudan. In the last six years, Russia reported to the United Nations deliveries of 33 attack helicopters to Khartoum, eight combat aircraft, and 30 armored combat vehicles. (Between 2001 and 2004, France exported over $1 million of mostly small arms, spare parts, and ammunition.)
Beijing defends its sales to Khartoum as legal, and says that it requires all of its buyers not to transfer arms to other parties, including guerilla groups, a claim which is difficult to confirm independently. Zhai Jun, China’s Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs, said in March 2007, “With Sudan, we have cooperation in many aspects, including military cooperation. In this, we have nothing to hide.”
In early April, China received Sudan’s Joint Chief of Staff. The Chinese Minister of Defense told his Sudanese counterpart that China was “willing to further develop cooperation between the two militaries in every sphere.”
CHINA AND DARFUR. China has been the chief impediment to strong Security Council action against the government of Sudan for its role in the mass killings and genocide in Darfur, although it has calibrated its position as international criticism has grown. The Security Council has passed six resolutions on Darfur in the four years since the present conflict began, but has yet to impose economic sanctions or other penalties on the government, although travel and financial sanctions have been imposed on four individuals implicated in war crimes. The Chinese Ambassador to Sudan, Zhang Dong, explained his government’s position in 2007, saying, “China never interferes in Sudan’s internal affairs.”
For example, China succeeded in watering down Security Council resolution 1556 (July 30, 2004). That resolution imposed an arms embargo on nongovernmental combatants in Darfur, required Khartoum to allow humanitarian assistance into Darfur, and also required the government of Sudan to disarm the janjaweed. The original draft would have established a committee to monitor Khartoum’s compliance; due to the threat of a Chinese veto, however, the final resolution included no enforcement mechanism. Two months later, China succeeded in weakening an effort to credibly threaten sanctions on Sudan’s petroleum sector and delayed by six months imposition of a ban on offensive military flights, which was imposed by UNSCR 1591 (March 29, 2005). China abstained on a resolution (UNSCR 1593, March 31, 2005) that referred indicted war criminals to the International Criminal Court (as did the United States). The following year, China resisted efforts to sanction Sudanese government officials charged with war crimes, whittling down from seventeen to four the list of those individuals subject to Security Council travel bans and financial sanctions (UNSCR 1672, April 25, 2006). China, backed by Russia, publicly threatened to veto an initial draft of that resolution
In August 2006, China insisted that the Security Council’s resolution authorizing a peacekeeping force for Darfur include the condition that it deploy “with the consent” of the government of Sudan. In a compromise between China and the United States and Britain, the final resolution “invites” but does not require the consent of Khartoum. China and Russia abstained rather than veto the resolution
The impact of China’s successful efforts to block strong action have been significant as they are seen by Khartoum and others as an indication of continuing Security Council division on whether and if so how to pressure the Sudanese government to take action to end the conflict
China has calibrated its position as international opposition has grown. Beijing played a helpful role in gaining Sudanese acceptance on November 16, 2006 of a three-phase plan for deployment of a hybrid African Union/UN peacekeeping force of 22,000 troops. Since then, as Sudan has equivocated on the meaning of a “hybrid” force, China has begun to register its displeasure with Khartoum. During his February trip to Sudan, Hu reportedly spoke privately to Bashir about upholding his commitment to accept a peacekeeping force. In a public statement following the meeting, Hu added to China’s list of guiding principles for resolving the conflict the imperative to “improve the situation in Darfur and living conditions of local people.” After the visit, in February, China’s National Development and Reform Commission announced that Sudan no longer had preferred trade country status, removing certain financial incentives provided to Chinese companies that invest in Sudan. China’s ambassador to the United Nation also publicly expressed disappointment with Khartoum following President Bashir’s March 2007 letter to Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon rejecting several aspects of the UN’s hybrid force plan
The degree to which China will push Sudan on Darfur remains an open question. There are strong reasons why China may not pressure Khartoum in a meaningful way. For Beijing, a decision to pressure Sudan would have consequences beyond the bilateral relationship, which is important in its own right. China’s quest for control of and access to natural resources is presently predicated on its ability to negotiate arrangements with governments who promise it exclusivity or preferential treatment. China’s comparative advantage is that it is willing to do business with governments that others spurn, and with no strings attached. A decision to pressure Sudan would erode China’s reputation as a genuine alternative, which could have broader economic consequences in Africa. It would also weaken China’s claim to be a standard bearer against unwanted western meddling, including international criticism of its own human rights practices
On the other hand, China’s relationship with Sudan is worrisome to officials in Beijing, especially as Beijing prepares to host the Summer Olympics in 2008. Beijing’s interest in improving its international standing may shift its position towards more strongly pressuring Khartoum
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| العنوان |
الكاتب |
Date |
| لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-27-07, 02:02 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Mohamed E. Seliaman | 06-27-07, 02:16 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-27-07, 02:41 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | ابوبكر على | 06-27-07, 02:47 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-27-07, 03:15 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | محمد المرتضى حامد | 06-27-07, 03:24 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-27-07, 04:01 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Mohamed E. Seliaman | 06-27-07, 03:09 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-27-07, 08:33 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-01-07, 07:48 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | ibrahim fadlalla | 06-27-07, 02:57 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-27-07, 09:56 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | انعام حيمورة | 06-27-07, 03:05 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | omer almahi | 06-27-07, 03:49 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-28-07, 06:32 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-27-07, 11:10 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | abubakr | 06-27-07, 07:53 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-28-07, 07:00 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | الطيب شيقوق | 06-28-07, 08:37 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-28-07, 01:50 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | ابوبكر على | 06-28-07, 08:38 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | على محمد على بشير | 06-28-07, 08:55 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-28-07, 04:06 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | د.محمد حسن | 06-28-07, 09:39 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Mohamed Abdelgaleel | 06-28-07, 09:57 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-28-07, 02:43 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-28-07, 10:13 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | abubakr | 06-28-07, 05:01 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-29-07, 09:29 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-29-07, 12:59 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-29-07, 06:55 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | abubakr | 06-29-07, 07:05 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-29-07, 07:21 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | khaleel | 06-29-07, 07:32 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-30-07, 09:13 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-01-07, 10:39 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | abubakr | 07-01-07, 12:28 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-01-07, 12:36 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | السوباوي | 07-01-07, 01:35 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | سامي عبد الوهاب إدريس | 07-01-07, 05:12 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-01-07, 08:20 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-01-07, 10:38 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | السوباوي | 07-02-07, 10:12 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-02-07, 11:56 PM |
 Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | alfatih | 07-03-07, 00:05 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-03-07, 01:06 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | غادة عبدالعزيز خالد | 07-03-07, 01:11 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | abubakr | 07-03-07, 03:32 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-03-07, 06:13 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-03-07, 06:37 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-03-07, 08:08 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-03-07, 10:06 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-03-07, 11:30 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | عبدالله داش | 07-03-07, 11:27 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-04-07, 00:23 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-04-07, 08:52 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-04-07, 05:49 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-05-07, 00:59 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | ابوبكر على | 07-05-07, 01:19 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | ابوبكر على | 07-05-07, 01:23 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-06-07, 03:06 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-05-07, 01:51 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | abubakr | 07-05-07, 02:02 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-05-07, 02:45 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-06-07, 03:45 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-06-07, 05:04 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | محمد عثمان | 07-06-07, 05:16 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-08-07, 06:21 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-08-07, 07:14 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-08-07, 04:17 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-09-07, 12:37 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-09-07, 01:23 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-09-07, 10:26 PM |
| الكماشه.. | Muna Khugali | 07-10-07, 06:55 PM |
| Re: الكماشه.. | Muna Khugali | 07-10-07, 09:09 PM |
| Re: الكماشه.. | عصام عبد الحفيظ | 07-10-07, 10:10 PM |
| Re: الكماشه.. | Muna Khugali | 07-11-07, 11:09 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-11-07, 06:48 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-11-07, 11:33 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | د.محمد حسن | 07-11-07, 12:08 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-11-07, 01:42 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | abubakr | 07-11-07, 01:55 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-11-07, 02:53 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-11-07, 04:06 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-12-07, 12:38 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-13-07, 05:25 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-15-07, 07:17 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-15-07, 12:05 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Mohamed Abdelgaleel | 07-16-07, 10:36 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-16-07, 11:19 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-16-07, 11:43 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-16-07, 11:58 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | omar altom | 07-16-07, 12:13 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-16-07, 12:22 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | omar altom | 07-16-07, 12:32 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-16-07, 12:43 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-25-07, 09:13 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-16-07, 12:41 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | د.محمد حسن | 07-16-07, 01:16 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | انعام حيمورة | 07-16-07, 01:37 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-28-07, 09:06 PM |
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Mohamed Omer
فيس بوك
تويتر
انستقرام
يوتيوب
بنتيريست