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 Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 (Re: Muna Khugali)
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China and Sudan
By Lee Feinstein
Lee Feinstein
Personal Information
Lee Feinstein is senior fellow for foreign policy and international law at the Council on Foreign Relations. He was senior advisor for peacekeeping and peace enforcement policy in the Office of the Secretary of Defense from 1994-1995. He served as member and associate director of the Policy Planning Staff under Secretary of State Warren Christopher and as principal deputy director of policy planning under Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. Feinstein served as a human rights advisor on the 2005 congressional task force on the United Nations, and was a principal drafter of the report. He directed the independent task force on Enhancing U.S. Relations with the United Nations, co-sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations and Freedom House. Feinstein serves on the board of directors of the private Arms Control Association, and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He is admitted to the practice of law in New York and Washington,
Lee Feinstein
(1)
As the one-year anniversary of the failed Darfur Peace Agreement approaches, a key question is whether China will continue to offer strong support to the government of Sudan, despite its role in the four-year old conflict. Or, will China increase pressure on Khartoum to accept an international peacekeeping force out of concern about damage to its international reputation
A partial answer is that China's policy toward Sudan is driven by more than its growing appetite for oil and natural gas. Beijing also has a stake in positioning itself in Africa and globally as an alternative to western "meddling" on issues of human rights and governance
Beijing is weighing these issues against against concerns about damage to its international position, reputational and otherwise, especially as it prepares to host the Summer Olympics next year, as I outline in the research note, below
China, Sudan, and Darfur
The economic, political, and military relationship between China and Sudan is extensive, but not without limits. China is Sudan’s number one consumer of oil and its largest foreign investor. China is an important supplier of arms and equipment to Sudan. China has also been Sudan’s main defender at the United Nations and elsewhere against efforts to apply sanctions against Khartoum for its role in the Darfur conflict. China has also shown that it will apply pressure on Sudan out of concern about damage to its own international standing, particularly as Beijing prepares to host the Summer Olympics in 2008
China’s close relationship with the government of Sudan is part and parcel of Beijing’s overall policy toward Africa, where China has recently emerged as one of the world’s most influential players. China’s involvement in Sudan dates to the early period of its independence in the late 1950s. But China’s fast growing energy needs have since the mid-1990s significantly elevated the importance Beijing attaches to its relations with Khartoum. Africa today supplies more than a quarter of Beijing’s imported oil needs, and Beijing is, along with the United States and France, among Africa’s most important trading partners. The political ties between China and much of Africa have also intensified in recent years, reflecting common interests as developing nations as well as common interest, in certain instances, in opposing interference by the west on human rights and related issues
China explicitly offers diplomatic support, investment, and assistance to Sudan on a principle of “noninterference.” That principle provides a counterweight to international pressure in support of human rights, good governance, and democracy. And, it is the principle on which Beijing bases its relations with Khartoum, despite the Sudanese government’s role in the mass killings and genocide in Darfur
THE ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP. The basis of China’s interest in Sudan, and Africa more broadly, is principally oil. China became a net importer of oil in 1993, and its consumption has grown exponentially since then. China surpassed Japan as the world’s second largest consumer of oil, after the United States, in 2004. Its oil imports continue to grow. By 2025, it is estimated that China will import as much oil as the United States currently does
Africa holds nine percent of the world’s proven oil reserves, modest compared to reserves in Saudi Arabia and Russia, but important as an alternative source of reserves, nonetheless. Sudan, in particular, provides unique opportunities and advantages for China and others because many western governments and firms have withdrawn from the country for political or security reasons
Sudan is a relatively minor but new and growing source of oil. Sudan now accounts for 0.4 percent of the world’s total oil supply, producing roughly 360,000 barrels per day. It has proven reserves of roughly 560 million barrels
American and Canadian firms withdrew from Sudan in the mid-1990s due to a combination of security and human rights concerns. U.S. regulations, first imposed during the Clinton administration, bar investment in Sudan’s oil sector. China stepped in to fill the vacuum. In 1999, less than 1 percent of Beijing’s total oil imports were from Sudan. Today, China gets 7 percent of its oil imports from Sudan. Roughly two-thirds of Sudan’s oil exports go to China. Oil revenue is a principle source of funding for Sudan’s military operations. As much as 70 percent of Khartoum’s oil revenues goes to military spending, according to a former Sudanese finance minister
Specifically, the state-owned China National Petroleum Corporation is the largest stakeholder in Sudan’s main oil producing consortium, the Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company. Since 1996, China has held a forty percent stake in the Nile project, which produces the majority of Sudan’s oil. Malaysia’s Petronas Nasional Berhad and ONGC Videsh Ltd., a unit of India’s Oil & Natural Gas Corporation, are the other major investors
Chinese firms have also participated in numerous other energy related enterprises, including construction of hydropower and electric power. On the strength of its energy investments, Sudan is China’s third largest trading partner in Africa, after Angola and South Africa. It accounts for 13 percent of China’s total trade with Africa. China, in turn, is Sudan's largest trading partner, purchasing roughly two-thirds of Sudan's exports and providing some 20 percent of its imports
China also offers substantial aid and assistance to Sudan. In February 2007, for example, Chinese President Hu Jintao traveled to Sudan to meet with Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, as part of a eight-nation trip through Africa. The advance billing for this trip suggested the possibility that the Chinese government would use the visit to press Khartoum strongly to improve the situation in Darfur. The main results, however, appeared to be a new package of economic and other aid. Hu announced new economic agreements, including to write off $80 million of Sudanese debt and to provide an interest-free loan of $13 million for infrastructure projects, including a new presidential palace. China also pledged $5.2 million in humanitarian assistance for Darfur
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الكاتب |
Date |
| لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-27-07, 02:02 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Mohamed E. Seliaman | 06-27-07, 02:16 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-27-07, 02:41 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | ابوبكر على | 06-27-07, 02:47 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-27-07, 03:15 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | محمد المرتضى حامد | 06-27-07, 03:24 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-27-07, 04:01 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Mohamed E. Seliaman | 06-27-07, 03:09 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-27-07, 08:33 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-01-07, 07:48 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | ibrahim fadlalla | 06-27-07, 02:57 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-27-07, 09:56 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | انعام حيمورة | 06-27-07, 03:05 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | omer almahi | 06-27-07, 03:49 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-28-07, 06:32 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-27-07, 11:10 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | abubakr | 06-27-07, 07:53 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-28-07, 07:00 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | الطيب شيقوق | 06-28-07, 08:37 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-28-07, 01:50 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | ابوبكر على | 06-28-07, 08:38 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | على محمد على بشير | 06-28-07, 08:55 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-28-07, 04:06 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | د.محمد حسن | 06-28-07, 09:39 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Mohamed Abdelgaleel | 06-28-07, 09:57 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-28-07, 02:43 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-28-07, 10:13 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | abubakr | 06-28-07, 05:01 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-29-07, 09:29 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-29-07, 12:59 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-29-07, 06:55 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | abubakr | 06-29-07, 07:05 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-29-07, 07:21 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | khaleel | 06-29-07, 07:32 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 06-30-07, 09:13 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-01-07, 10:39 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | abubakr | 07-01-07, 12:28 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-01-07, 12:36 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | السوباوي | 07-01-07, 01:35 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | سامي عبد الوهاب إدريس | 07-01-07, 05:12 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-01-07, 08:20 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-01-07, 10:38 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | السوباوي | 07-02-07, 10:12 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-02-07, 11:56 PM |
 Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | alfatih | 07-03-07, 00:05 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-03-07, 01:06 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | غادة عبدالعزيز خالد | 07-03-07, 01:11 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | abubakr | 07-03-07, 03:32 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-03-07, 06:13 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-03-07, 06:37 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-03-07, 08:08 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-03-07, 10:06 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-03-07, 11:30 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | عبدالله داش | 07-03-07, 11:27 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-04-07, 00:23 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-04-07, 08:52 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-04-07, 05:49 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-05-07, 00:59 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | ابوبكر على | 07-05-07, 01:19 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | ابوبكر على | 07-05-07, 01:23 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-06-07, 03:06 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-05-07, 01:51 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | abubakr | 07-05-07, 02:02 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-05-07, 02:45 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-06-07, 03:45 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-06-07, 05:04 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | محمد عثمان | 07-06-07, 05:16 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-08-07, 06:21 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-08-07, 07:14 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-08-07, 04:17 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-09-07, 12:37 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-09-07, 01:23 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-09-07, 10:26 PM |
| الكماشه.. | Muna Khugali | 07-10-07, 06:55 PM |
| Re: الكماشه.. | Muna Khugali | 07-10-07, 09:09 PM |
| Re: الكماشه.. | عصام عبد الحفيظ | 07-10-07, 10:10 PM |
| Re: الكماشه.. | Muna Khugali | 07-11-07, 11:09 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-11-07, 06:48 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-11-07, 11:33 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | د.محمد حسن | 07-11-07, 12:08 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-11-07, 01:42 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | abubakr | 07-11-07, 01:55 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-11-07, 02:53 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-11-07, 04:06 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-12-07, 12:38 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-13-07, 05:25 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-15-07, 07:17 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-15-07, 12:05 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Mohamed Abdelgaleel | 07-16-07, 10:36 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-16-07, 11:19 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-16-07, 11:43 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-16-07, 11:58 AM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | omar altom | 07-16-07, 12:13 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-16-07, 12:22 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | omar altom | 07-16-07, 12:32 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-16-07, 12:43 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-25-07, 09:13 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | osman righeem | 07-16-07, 12:41 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | د.محمد حسن | 07-16-07, 01:16 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | انعام حيمورة | 07-16-07, 01:37 PM |
| Re: لحظه من فضلك..3 | Muna Khugali | 07-28-07, 09:06 PM |
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Mohamed Omer
فيس بوك
تويتر
انستقرام
يوتيوب
بنتيريست