تصعيد حملة عاجلة محلية وعالمية لمكافحة الخفاض الفرعوني

Quote: Section TWO Why and how Amnesty International took up the issue of female genital mutilation Amnesty International (AI) has been concerned with the human rights implications of female genital mutilation (FGM) for over 15 years. The issue was first tabled at the 1981 International Council Meeting, in the wake of the interest aroused worldwide by an international conference organized by the World Health Organization in Khartoum, Sudan, in 1979. For a decade following AI’s first discussions on FGM, the organization’s work remained focused on a closely defined range of repressive acts carried out directly by state forces, acts which were in breach of states’ legal obligations under international human rights standards. AI campaigned solely against violations by governments because it was they who were considered to be bound by international human rights treaties, treaties that provided a framework and justification for AI to intervene and hold governments accountable. The early 1990s saw a broadening of AI’s focus to include armed political groups as perpetrators of abuses. The laws of armed conflict (international humanitarian law) provided a source of legal obligations to which AI could refer in holding such entities to account. To date, though, AI’s mandate has been limited to protecting certain basic rights in the face of grave abuses of political power by governments and armed political groups